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A Brief Review - AGÕæÈË°Ù¼ÒÀÖ¹Ù·½ÍøÕ¾ HDF5

The HDF5 file can store large, heterogeneous datasets that include metadata. It also supports efficient data slicing, or extraction of particular subsets of a dataset which means that you don't have to read large files read into the computers memory/RAM in their entirety in order work with them. This saves a lot of time when working with with HDF5 data in R. When HDF5 files contain spatial data, they can also be read directly into GIS programs such as QGiS.

The HDF5 format is a self-contained directory structure. We can compare this structure to the folders and files located on your computer. However, in HDF5 files "directories" are called groups and files are called datasets. The HDF5 element itself is a file. Each element in an HDF5 file can have metadata attached to it making HDF5 files "self-describing".

Read more about HDF5 here.

HDF5 in R

To access HDF5 files in R, you need base installed on your computer. It might also be useful to install which will allow you to explore the contents of an HDF5 file visually using a graphic interface. More about working with HDFview and a hands-on activity here.

The package we'll be using is rhdf5 which is part of the suite of R packages. If you haven't installed this package before, you can use the first two lines of code below to install the package. Then use the library command to call the library("rhdf5") library.

# Install rhdf5 package (only need to run if not already installed)
#install.packages("BiocManager")
#BiocManager::install("rhdf5")

# Call the R HDF5 Library
library("rhdf5")

# set working directory to ensure R can find the file we wish to import and where
# we want to save our files
wd <- "~/Documents/data/" #This will depend on your local environment 
setwd(wd) 

Create an HDF5 File in R

Let's start by outlining the structure of the file that we want to create. We'll build a file called "sensorData.h5", that will hold data for a set of sensors at three different locations. Each sensor takes three replicates of two different measurements, every minute.

HDF5 allows us to organize and store data in many ways. Therefore we need to decide what type of structure is ideally suited to our data before creating the HDF5 file. To structure the HDF5 file, we'll start at the file level. We will create a group for each sensor location. Within each location group, we will create two datasets containing temperature and precipitation data collected through time at each location.

So it will look something like this:

• HDF5 FILE (sensorData.H5)
  • Location_One (Group)
    • Temperature (Dataset)
    • Precipitation (Dataset)
  • Location_Two (Group)
    • Temperature (Dataset)
    • Precipitation (Dataset)
  • Location_Three (Group)
    • Temperature (Dataset)
    • Precipitation (Dataset)

Let's first create the HDF5 file and call it "sensorData.h5". Next, we will add a group for each location to the file.

# create hdf5 file
h5createFile("sensorData.h5")

## file '/Users/olearyd/Git/data/sensorData.h5' already exists.

## [1] FALSE

# create group for location 1
h5createGroup("sensorData.h5", "location1")

## Can not create group. Object with name 'location1' already exists.

## [1] FALSE

The output is TRUE when the code properly runs.

Remember from the discussion above that we want to create three location groups. The process of creating nested groups can be simplified with loops and nested loops. While the for loop below might seem excessive for adding three groups, it will become increasingly more efficient as we need to add more groups to our file.

# Create loops that will populate 2 additional location "groups" in our HDF5 file
	l1 <- c("location2","location3")
	for(i in 1:length(l1)){
  	  h5createGroup("sensorData.h5", l1[i])
	}

## Can not create group. Object with name 'location2' already exists.

## Can not create group. Object with name 'location3' already exists.

Now let's view the structure of our HDF5 file. We'll use the h5ls() function to do this.

# View HDF5 File Structure
h5ls("sensorData.h5")

##        group      name       otype dclass     dim
## 0          / location1   H5I_GROUP               
## 1 /location1    precip H5I_DATASET  FLOAT 100 x 3
## 2 /location1      temp H5I_DATASET  FLOAT 100 x 3
## 3          / location2   H5I_GROUP               
## 4 /location2    precip H5I_DATASET  FLOAT 100 x 3
## 5 /location2      temp H5I_DATASET  FLOAT 100 x 3
## 6          / location3   H5I_GROUP               
## 7 /location3    precip H5I_DATASET  FLOAT 100 x 3
## 8 /location3      temp H5I_DATASET  FLOAT 100 x 3

Our group structure that will contain location information is now set-up. However, it doesn't contain any data. Let's simulate some data pretending that each sensor took replicate measurements for 100 minutes. We'll add a 100 x 3 matrix that will be stored as a dataset in our HDF5 file. We'll populate this dataset with simulated data for each of our groups. We'll use loops to create these matrices and then paste them into each location group within the HDF5 file as datasets.

# Add datasets to each group
for(i in 1:3){
      g <- paste("location",i,sep="")
      
      # populate matrix with dummy data
      # create precip dataset within each location group
      h5write(
      	matrix(rnorm(300,2,1),
      				 ncol=3,nrow=100),
			file = "sensorData.h5",
			paste(g,"precip",sep="/"))
      
      #create temperature dataset within each location group
      h5write(
      	matrix(rnorm(300,25,5),
      				 ncol=3,nrow=100),
			file = "sensorData.h5",
			paste(g,"temp",sep="/"))
	}

Understandig Complex Code

Sometimes you may run into code (like the above code) that combines multiple functions. It can be helpful to break the pieces of the code apart to understand their overall function.

Looking at the first h5write() chunck above, let's figure out what it is doing. We can see easily that part of it is telling R to create a matrix (matrix()) that has 3 columns (ncol=3) and 100 rows (nrow=100). That is fairly straight forward, but what about the rest?

Do the following to figure out what it's doing.

1. Type paste(g,"precip",sep="/") into the R console. What is the result?
2. Type rnorm(300,2,1) into the console and see the result.
3. Type g into the console and take note of the result.
4. Type help(norm) to understand what norm does.

And the output:

# 1
paste(g, "precip", sep="/")

## [1] "location3/precip"

# 2
rnorm(300,2,1)

##   [1]  1.12160116  2.37206915  1.33052657  1.83329347  2.78469156  0.21951756  1.61651586
##   [8]  3.22719604  2.13671092  1.63516541  1.54468880  2.32070535  3.14719285  2.00645027
##  [15]  2.06133429  1.45723384  1.43104556  4.15926193  3.85002319  1.15748926  1.93503709
##  [22]  1.86915962  1.36021215  2.30083715  2.21046449 -0.02372759  1.54690075  1.87020013
##  [29]  0.97110571  1.65512027  2.17813648  1.56675913  2.64604422  2.79411476 -0.14945990
##  [36]  2.41051127  2.69399882  1.74000170  1.73502637  1.19408520  1.52722823  2.46432354
##  [43]  3.53782484  2.34243381  3.29194930  1.84151991  2.88567260 -0.13647135  3.00296224
##  [50]  0.85778037  2.95060383  3.60112607  1.70182011  2.21919357  2.78131358  4.77298934
##  [57]  2.05833348  1.83779216  2.69723103  2.99123600  3.50370367  1.94533631  2.27559399
##  [64]  2.72276547  0.45838054  1.46426751  2.59186665  1.76153254  0.98961174  1.89289852
##  [71]  0.82444265  2.87219678  1.50940120  0.48012497  1.98471512  0.41421129  2.63826815
##  [78]  2.27517882  3.23534211  0.97091857  1.65001320  1.22312203  3.21926211  1.61710396
##  [85] -0.12658234  1.35538608  1.29323483  2.63494212  2.45595986  1.60861243  0.24972178
##  [92]  2.59648815  2.21869671  2.47519870  3.28893524 -0.14351078  2.93625547  2.14517733
##  [99]  3.47478297  2.84619247  1.04448393  2.09413526  1.23898831  1.40311390  2.37146803
## [106]  2.19227829  1.90681329  2.26303161  2.99884507  1.74326040  2.11683327  1.81492036
## [113]  2.40780179  1.61687207  2.72739252  3.03310824  1.03081291  2.64457643  1.91816597
## [120]  1.08327451  1.78928748  2.76883928  1.84398295  1.90979931  1.74067337  1.12014125
## [127]  3.05520671  2.25953027  1.53057148  2.77369029  2.00694402  0.74746736  0.89913394
## [134]  1.92816438  2.35494925  0.67463920  3.05980940  2.71711642  0.78155942  3.72305006
## [141]  0.40562629  1.86261895  0.04233856  1.81609868 -0.17246583  1.08597066  0.97175222
## [148]  2.03687618  3.18872115  0.75895259  1.16660578  1.07536466  3.03581454  2.30605076
## [155]  3.01817174  1.88875411  0.99049222  1.93035897  2.62271411  2.59812578  2.26482981
## [162]  1.52726003  1.79621469  2.49783624  2.13485532  2.66744895  0.85641709  3.02384590
## [169]  3.67246567  2.60824228  1.52727352  2.27460561  2.80234576  4.11750031  2.61415438
## [176]  2.83139343  1.72584747  2.51950703  2.99546055  0.67057429  2.24606561  1.00670141
## [183]  1.06021336  2.17286945  1.95552109  2.07089743  2.68618677  0.56123176  3.28782653
## [190]  1.77083238  2.62322126  2.70762375  1.26714051  1.20204779  3.11801841  3.00480662
## [197]  2.60651464  2.67462075  1.35453017 -0.23423081  1.49772729  2.76268752  1.19530190
## [204]  3.10750811  2.52864738  2.26346764  1.83955448  2.49185616  1.91859037  3.22755405
## [211]  2.12798826  1.81429861  2.05723804  1.42868965  0.68103571  1.80038283  1.07693405
## [218]  2.43567001  2.64638560  3.11027077  2.46869879  0.40045458  3.33896319  2.58523866
## [225]  2.38463606  1.61439883  1.72548781  2.68705960  2.53407585  1.71551092  3.14097828
## [232]  3.66333494  2.81083499  3.18241488 -0.53755729  3.39492807  1.55778563  2.26579288
## [239]  2.97848166  0.58794567  1.84097123  3.34139313  1.98807665  2.80674310  2.19412789
## [246]  0.95367365  0.39471881  2.10241933  2.41306228  2.00773589  2.14253569  1.60134185
## [253] -0.65119903 -0.38269825  1.00581006  3.25421978  3.71441667  0.55648668  0.10765730
## [260] -0.47830919  1.84157184  2.30936354  2.37525467 -0.19275434  2.03402162  2.57293173
## [267]  2.63031994  1.15352865  0.90847785  1.28568361  1.84822183  2.98910787  2.63506781
## [274]  2.04770689  0.83206248  4.67738935  1.60943184  0.93227396  1.38921205  3.00806535
## [281]  0.96669941  1.50688173  2.81325862  0.76749654  0.63227293  1.27648973  2.81562324
## [288]  1.65374614  2.20174987  2.27493049  3.94629426  2.58820358  2.89080513  3.37907609
## [295]  0.91029648  3.03539190  0.61781396  0.05210651  1.99853728  0.86705444

# 3
g

## [1] "location3"

# 4
help(norm)

The rnorm function creates a set of random numbers that fall into a normal distribution. You specify the mean and standard deviation of the dataset and R does the rest. Notice in this loop we are creating a "precip" and a "temp" dataset and pasting them into each location group (the loop iterates 3 times).

The h5write function is writing each matrix to a dataset in our HDF5 file (sensorData.h5). It is looking for the following arguments: hrwrite(dataset,YourHdfFileName,LocationOfDatasetInH5File). Therefore, the code: (matrix(rnorm(300,2,1),ncol=3,nrow=100),file = "sensorData.h5",paste(g,"precip",sep="/")) tells R to add a random matrix of values to the sensorData HDF5 file within the path called g. It also tells R to call the dataset within that group, "precip".

HDF5 File Structure

Next, let's check the file structure of the sensorData.h5 file. The h5ls() command tells us what each element in the file is, group or dataset. It also identifies the dimensions and types of data stored within the datasets in the HDF5 file. In this case, the precipitation and temperature datasets are of type 'float' and of dimensions 100 x 3 (100 rows by 3 columns).

	# List file structure
	h5ls("sensorData.h5")

##        group      name       otype dclass     dim
## 0          / location1   H5I_GROUP               
## 1 /location1    precip H5I_DATASET  FLOAT 100 x 3
## 2 /location1      temp H5I_DATASET  FLOAT 100 x 3
## 3          / location2   H5I_GROUP               
## 4 /location2    precip H5I_DATASET  FLOAT 100 x 3
## 5 /location2      temp H5I_DATASET  FLOAT 100 x 3
## 6          / location3   H5I_GROUP               
## 7 /location3    precip H5I_DATASET  FLOAT 100 x 3
## 8 /location3      temp H5I_DATASET  FLOAT 100 x 3

Data Types within HDF5

HDF5 files can hold mixed types of data. For example HDF5 files can store both strings and numbers in the same file. Each dataset in an HDF5 file can be its own type. For example a dataset can be composed of all integer values or it could be composed of all strings (characters). A group can contain a mix of string, and number based datasets. However a dataset can also be mixed within the dataset containing a combination of numbers and strings.

Add Metdata to HDF5 Files

Some metadata can be added to an HDF5 file in R by creating attributes in R objects before adding them to the HDF5 file. Let's look at an example of how we do this. We'll add the units of our data as an attribute of the R matrix before adding it to the HDF5 file. Note that write.attributes = TRUE is needed when you write to the HDF5 file, in order to add metadata to the dataset.

# Create matrix of "dummy" data
p1 <- matrix(rnorm(300,2,1),ncol=3,nrow=100)
# Add attribute to the matrix (units)
attr(p1,"units") <- "millimeters"

# Write the R matrix to the HDF5 file 
h5write(p1,file = "sensorData.h5","location1/precip",write.attributes=T)

# Close the HDF5 file
H5close()

We close the file at the end once we are done with it. Otherwise, next time you open a HDF5 file, you will get a warning message similar to:

Warning message: In h5checktypeOrOpenLoc(file, readonly = TRUE) : An open HDF5 file handle exists. If the file has changed on disk meanwhile, the function may not work properly. Run 'H5close()' to close all open HDF5 object handles.

Reading Data from an HDF5 File

We just learned how to create an HDF5 file and write information to the file. We use a different set of functions to read data from an HDF5 file. If read.attributes is set to TRUE when we read the data, then we can also see the metadata for the matrix. Furthermore, we can chose to read in a subset, like the first 10 rows of data, rather than loading the entire dataset into R.

# Read in all data contained in the precipitation dataset 
l1p1 <- h5read("sensorData.h5","location1/precip",
							 read.attributes=T)

# Read in first 10 lines of the data contained within the precipitation dataset 
l1p1s <- h5read("sensorData.h5","location1/precip",
								read.attributes = T,index = list(1:10,NULL))

Now you are ready to go onto the other tutorials in the series to explore more about HDF5 files.